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- Essay Name : 1040.txt
- Uploader :
- Email Address :
- Language : English
- Subject : History
- Title : Persian Wars
- Grade : A
- School System : High School
- Country : USA
- Author Comments : Very factual, could easily be expanded
- Teacher Comments : Very good, however cdon't sell your self short on the conclusion
- Date : 11/14/96
- Site found at : Link
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- The Persian Wars
-
-
- In 519 BC Darius I ascended the throne of the expanding empire of
- Persia. A group of people called the Ionians, lived along the coast of Asia
- Minor. They were under Persian rule, having been conquered by Emperor
- Cyrus (ruled 550-530 BC), and at this time were unhappy about their
- conditions.
- In 499 BC Aristagoras, the leader Miletus, one of the city-states,
- organized a revolt of all the rest of the city-states along the coast. Darius
- managed however, to subdue things in a five-year campaign. After this
- long sought victory, Darius became bent on revenge against Athens, one of
- the few states outside the area that had helped the rebles. He appealed to
- Sparta to attack Athens from behind, but the Spartans saw straight
- through his planned conquest of Greece and threw his envoy in a well.
- The Persian army then landed at Marathon in 490 BC. The 10,000
- Athenian infantry were supported only by a small group of soldiers from
- Plataea (Sparta procrastinated because it was in the middle of a festival),
- but nevertheless the Athenians defeated the Persian archers and cavalry
- through a series of ingenious maneuvers.
- Darius died in 485 BC before his plans for another attempt reached
- fruition, so it was left to his son Xerxes to fulfill his father's ambition of
- conquering Greece. In 480 BC Xerxes gathered men from every nation of
- his far-flung empire and launched a coordinated invasion by army and
- navy, the size of which the world had never seen. The historian Herodotus
- gave five million as the number of Persian soldiers. No doubt this was a
- gross exaggeration, but it was obvious Xerxes intended to give the Greeks
- more than a bloody nose.
- The Persians dug a canal near present-day Ierissos so that their
- navy could bypass the rough seas around the base of the Mt. Athos
- peninsula (where they had been caught before). They also spanned the
- Hellespont with pontoon bridges for their army to march over. Some 30
- city-states of central and southern Greece met in Corinth to devise a
- common defense (others, including the oracle at Delphi, sided with the
- Persians). They agreed on a combined army and navy under Spartan
- command, with the Athenian leader Themistokles providing the strategy.
- The Spartan king Leonidas led the army to the pass at Thermopylae, near
- present-day Lamia, the main passage from northern into central Greece.
- This bottleneck was easy to defend, and although the Greeks were greatly
- outnumbered they held the pass until a traitor showed the Persians a way
- over the mountains. The Greeks were forced to retreat, but Leonidas, along
- with 300 of his Spartan elite troops, fought to the death. The fleet, which
- held off the Persian navy north of Euboea (Evia), had no choice but to
- retreat as well.
- The Spartans and their Peloponnesian allies fell back on their second
- line of defense (an earthen wall across the Isthmus of Corinth), while the
- Persians advanced upon Athens. Themistokles ordered his people to flee the
- city: the women and children to Salamis, the men to sea on the Athenian
- fleet. The Persians razed Attica and burned Athens to the ground.
- By skillful maneuvering, however, the Greek then ensnared the large
- Persian Ships in the narrow waters off Salamis, where they became easy
- pickings for the agile Greek vessels. Xerxes, who watched the defeat of his
- mighty fleet from the shore, returned to Persia in disgust, leaving his
- general Mardonius to subdue Greece with the army. A year later, the
- Greeks under the Spartan general Pausanias obliterated the Persian army
- at the Battle of Plataea. The Athenian navy sailed to Asia Minor and
- destroyed what was left of the Persian fleet at Mykale, freeing the Ionian
- city-states there from Persian rule.
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